Drone Warfare and Asymmetric Threats: Rethinking India’s Defence Strategy

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly referred to as drones, has fundamentally transformed the character of contemporary warfare and national security. Initially confined to intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) roles, drones are now integral to combat missions, logistics, precision strikes, border surveillance, and terrorist operations. Their affordability, accessibility, and technological adaptability have enabled both state and non-state actors to exploit asymmetric advantages against conventionally superior militaries. For India, confronted with persistent security challenges from hostile neighbours, cross-border terrorism, and hybrid warfare tactics, drone warfare constitutes a rapidly evolving and serious threat.

This paper examines the evolution of drone warfare in the international system and analyses its implications for asymmetric conflict in South Asia, with particular emphasis on India’s defence posture. Drawing on qualitative analysis, comparative case studies, and policy evaluation, the study explores how drones have altered cost–exchange ratios, escalation dynamics, and battlefield transparency. It evaluates India’s vulnerabilities in counter-drone preparedness, institutional coordination, and doctrinal adaptation. The paper argues that India must recalibrate its defence strategy by integrating layered counter-drone systems, strengthening indigenous UAV and counter-UAS capabilities, fostering civil–military–private sector collaboration, and developing a unified doctrinal and regulatory framework. The study concludes that the period between 2025 and 2032 represents a decisive window during which India’s policy choices will determine its technological sovereignty, escalation dominance, and strategic stability in the unmanned warfare domain.