International Journal of Research

Assessment Nurses Knowledge Regarding Ethical Issue Toward Patient in Critical Care Unit Select Government Hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan. Descriptive Study

Adam, Shehabeldin Mohammed — 2024-11-16

Background: Ethics deal with standards of conduct and moral judgment. Nursing is a profession that care for personal and private aspects of people’s lives. Therefore, nurses need to know the basic ethical aspects of nursing which is integral in nursing practices.

Objectives: To assess Nurse’s knowledge regarding ethical issues towards patients in critical care units in governmental hospitals -Khartoum state in Sudan.

Method: A descriptive cross sectional research design was used to conduct the study. Simple random sampling method was adopted to select 125 nurses working in governmental hospitals-Khartoum state from 2023-2024 it included 125 nurses. nurses’ knowledge regarding ethical issue to ward patient Self-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection and analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 25. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, Chi-square test was used to analyze the data

Result:

The findings revealed that 54.5% of nurses had adequate level knowledge. There was significant association between nurses practice level with age and years of experiences (p value= 0.05 and 0.008 respectively). The level of knowledge does not have significant association with socio-demographic and job-related variables. Similarly, significant association between knowledge and practice level of patient care ethics was found.

Conclusion: the study concluded that there was satisfactory level of knowledge among nurses at selected hospitals in Khartoum state. Nurses’ knowledge of patient care ethics should be upgraded through educational and awareness program.

Recommendations: improving the quality of nursing knowledge should focus more studies to be conducted to improve nurses’ level of awareness regarding ethical issues in nursing, so that proper intervention can be implemented

Review of E-Commerce Applications in Nigeria: Benefits and Challenges

Muhammad Muhammad SULEIMAN — 2024-11-15

E-commerce is a profit-making transaction strategy that enables faster and wider business transactions in wider contexts of economic value and value creation via the Internet. The paper studies the current situation of e-commerce applications in Nigeria, with an emphasis on the drawbacks and advantages of online shopping in Nigeria. A review of the literature revealed that e-commerce applications have expanded dramatically over the years, creating a wealth of potential for both consumers and businesses. It also became clear that, despite the expansion, a number of challenges still prevent the business from reaching its full potential. Scarce infrastructure, weak legal enforcement, poor financial inclusion, a lack of access to technological advances, and a narrow selection of goods are a few of these barriers. Furthermore, research reveals that a lack of trust and knowledge is another factor impeding companies’ and customers' adoption of e-commerce applications. Notwithstanding these obstacles, the country is working to advance e-commerce applications by expanding technological access, assisting small and medium-sized businesses, and encouraging cooperation between the public and private sectors. In conclusion, the study indicates that the Nigerian e-commerce market has sizable potential and that continuing attempts to address current issues may result in additional development and growth.

Exploring the Constraints and Economic Potential of Pumpkin Marketing Among Small-Scale Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Tolulope Seun Olubunmi-Ajayi — 2024-11-15

This study investigates the economic potential and challenges of pumpkin leaf marketing among small-scale marketers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Given the nutritional and economic value of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis), it plays a vital role in local diets and serves as a primary source of income for smallholder marketers. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 120 pumpkin leaf marketers across selected marketplaces within three Local Government Areas. Using budgetary techniques, descriptive statistics, and multiple regression analysis, the study analyzed the costs, returns, and socioeconomic factors influencing marketing performance. Results indicated that pumpkin leaf marketing is profitable, with a return on investment (ROI) of 2.28, implying a viable economic opportunity. However, marketers face considerable constraints, including seasonal supply fluctuations, price instability, lack of financial support, high transportation costs, and poor infrastructure. Seasonal variation and price volatility were identified as the most severe challenges, attributed to inadequate storage facilities and limited market access. Key socioeconomic factors such as access to credit, family size, education level, and marketing experience significantly influenced profitability. The study recommends improving access to credit, developing community-based storage facilities, enhancing transportation infrastructure, and implementing market access programs to support small-scale marketers. Addressing these challenges could improve profitability, support market resilience, and promote sustainable income generation for smallholder marketers. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of vegetable marketing in Nigeria, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to optimize the economic potential of perishable crops like pumpkin leaves.

Crop Yield Prediction Using Machine Learning: A Comparative Analysis and Review of Classification Algorithms.

Ramoni Tirimisiyu Amosa — 2024-11-15

Global civilization began with agricultural practises. Although human lifestyles have evolved over time, agriculture continues to play a significant role in providing for fundamental requirements and basic needs. Agriculture contributes significantly to nation-building beyond just feeding people. One such contribution is the growth of foreign reserves via the sale of agricultural goods and products. Predicting and estimating agricultural production is necessary because of the rapidly changing climate in our surroundings, which negatively affects most crops at harvest time. The forecast assists farmers in selecting the best crop to plant in order to maximise yield by examining variables such as soil quality, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and field area. Crop production forecasts make it easier for farmers to plan all aspects of sale and storage. This paper reviews common, state of earth, effective and recently used prediction and classification algorithm for crop yield.

The Politics of Welfare Reform: Analyzing the Impact of the Two-Party System

Junda Chen — 2024-11-15

Welfare spending in the United States has dramatically increased over the past 50 years and as a consequence has provided greater opportunity for welfare dependency to occur. The two-party political climate has drawn support from different voter bases who benefit in different ways from contrasting welfare related policies resulting in welfare spending increasing despite different administrations over time. Meanwhile social factors remain prevalent and in conjunction with the growing welfare spending, partly caused by politics, has led to dependency. As politicians toe the party line, the prospect of bipartisanship shrinks along with the solutions to a constantly growing problem. Despite the influence of politics on the welfare state, its morals and ethics remain uncompromised making it even harder to amend.

Foreign Direct Investment into India: An Anatomy of Issues and Challenges

Srinivasa Madhur — 2024-11-16

India is getting younger while the world is ageing. This provides the country with both opportunities and challenges. Of course, it presents the country with a potential demographic dividend. At the same time, providing productive jobs to the increasing numbers of Indian youth is becoming a formidable challenge for the Indian policy makers. One of the time-tested modality of addressing this challenge is by attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). To make India attractive for FDI, there is much merit in the country easing the overall environment for foreign direct investment, strengthening its infrastructure, forging partnerships with other countries, simplifying the tax system along with a reduction in the tax burden on investors, and harnessing the benefits of Artificial Intelligence technology.

Effects of Response Format and Number of Indicators on Results of Item Response Theory Models and Multivariate Techniques

Arimiyaw Zakaria — 2024-11-16

The determination of a standard test length that gives optimal statistical information about latent constructs with their dimensionality is a task that remains for investigation. In this regard, several datasets have been simulated under varied conditions of response scales, sets of items and dimensionality using the R package mirt. The data are examined using Item Response Theory (IRT) and compared with Factor Analysis output. The results show that IRT model fitness improves with increasing scale-points and higher dimensionality and generally with increasing set of variables. It is observed that on dichotomous scale in particular, higher number of items are suitable for measuring unidimensionality on lower point scale but could be misconstrued for bi-dimensionality. A higher measurement scale is found generally suitable to capture the appropriate underlying dimensionality. For both techniques, adequate model fitness is achieved with indicators not exceeding 40 in number.

Internet Addiction, Self-Efficacy, and Communication Apprehension among Higher Education Students in Indonesia.

Indah Gamatia Rahmawulan — 2024-11-19

The phenomenon of growing internet usage among higher education students has introduced a new pattern of interaction, where online communication is often preferred over face-to-face interaction. This shift has led to an increase in communication apprehension, particularly among students who excessively use the internet without strong self-efficacy in situations that require direct communication. This study aims to examine the influence of internet addiction and self-efficacy on communication apprehension among higher education students. This research follows a quantitative approach with a regression design, involving 149 higher education students as the sample. To analyze the data, multiple linear regression analysis was used. The results show that both self-efficacy and internet addiction significantly impact communication apprehension, with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). The two predictor variables (self-efficacy and internet addiction) account for 30.9% (R² = 0.309) of the variance in communication apprehension. Among the two predictors, self-efficacy shows a stronger negative correlation with communication apprehension (β = -0.443) compared to internet addiction (β = 0.271).
Keywords : Internet Addiction, Self-Efficacy, and Communication Apprehension

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and its components in semi-urban Bali and urban Bamenda Health districts, North West Region of Cameroon: Strategies for mitigation

Fomboh N. Richard — 2024-11-19

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been determined in forest regions of Cameroon, but not in the North West region which is culturally and geographically distinct from the south. Objective: The objective was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the Bali (semi-urban area) and Bamenda (urban area) health districts of the North West Region of Cameroon. Methods: The study targeted the adult population aged 18-89 years old living within the Bamenda and Bali Health Districts as well as healthcare personnel in the two districts. Biochemical parameters of driving factors of MS were determined using standard methods. An interview guide (questionnaire) was used to assess the views of the population and healthcare personnel on the management and prevention of MS. The data collected were analysed using SPSS version 21. The results were presented in the form of tables and charts. Results: Bamenda Health District had a higher prevalence (48.65%) compared to Bali Health District (43.90%). The difference in prevalence between the two Health Districts was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The components of MS had the following prevalence; Obesity (51.3%), High blood pressure (70.9%), High blood glucose (66%), High Triglycerides (14.6%), Low HDL-C (26.9%) and waist circumference (98.31cm). Conclusion: It is essential to implement routine screening for risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, alongside promoting healthy lifestyles and providing nutritional counselling in health units. Increasing public awareness about the management and prevention of metabolic syndrome components is crucial. Emphasizing the importance of regular exercise and a balanced diet can help prevent the progression of metabolic syndrome to more severe conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

The Effect of Religious Education on Political Economy: A Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Lusaka District, Zambia

Chanda Chansa Thelma — 2024-11-20

The study investigated the effect of religious education on the political economy, with a focus on selected secondary schools in Lusaka district of Zambia. Religious education, often viewed as an instrument of moral and ethical instruction, plays a critical role in shaping students' beliefs and attitudes towards political and economic systems. This study explored how religious teachings embedded within the curriculum influence students’ understanding of governance, economic justice, social responsibility, and leadership. By examining the interplay between religious instruction and students' political behavior, the study seeks to uncover the ways in which religious education molds young people's perspectives on authority, civic duty, and socio-economic equity. The study adopted a mixed methods approach which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative data. The study focused on selected secondary schools in Lusaka District, Zambia, representing urban and peri-urban settings with diverse socio-economic and religious backgrounds with a sample of 150 respondents. Data were collected from head teachers, teachers, students, and community members through a combination of interviews, and questionnaires. The quantitative data collected through the questionnaires were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, such as descriptive statistics using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) and excel whereas the qualitative data from semi structured interviews were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that religious education has a profound impact on shaping students' ethical frameworks, often promoting ideals of fairness, integrity, and social justice, which translate into their political and economic viewpoints. However, the study also identified a complex duality in the outcomes: while religious teachings can encourage democratic participation and a sense of responsibility towards societal welfare, they can also reinforce traditional power structures and potentially conflict with modern political ideologies like liberalism and secularism. The study therefore recommended that schools should organize interfaith dialogues and civic engagement initiatives that encourage students to explore the practical applications of religious principles in addressing political and economic challenges.