Dual-Use Technology and National Security

Abstract

The rapid evolution of science and technology has significantly reshaped global security dynamics, particularly through the rise of dual-use technologies—innovations that possess both civilian and military applications. While these technologies contribute to economic growth, scientific advancement, and societal development, they simultaneously introduce complex security risks, including misuse by hostile states, non-state actors, or terrorist groups. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, cyber systems, satellite networks, and advanced robotics highlight the growing difficulty of balancing innovation with national security imperatives. This paper analyzes the strategic significance of dual-use technologies and evaluates the challenges they pose for governance, export controls, and international security policy. It also examines how nations can adopt comprehensive regulatory frameworks, threat-assessment models, and ethical safeguards to mitigate risks while still promoting technological progress. The study emphasizes that effective management of dual-use technologies is essential in maintaining national security, preserving global stability, and ensuring responsible scientific advancement.