Lead-Free Chalcogenides for Eco-Friendly Photovoltaics

Abstract

The production of semiconductor materials which are lead free and eco-friendly has become a more focus of research into sustainable and renewable energy. The need for safe, eco-friendly and sustainable solar energy materials has increased interest in lead-free photovoltaic technologies. Silver bismuth chalcogenides, namely AgBiS₂ and AgBiSe₂, are promising absorber materials because they are environmentally friendly, chemically stable, and made from relatively abundant elements. These materials have suitable band gaps, absorb light strongly, and can tolerate crystal defects, which are important for efficient solar cell performance. AgBiS₂ and AgBiSe₂ thin films can be produced using low-cost and scalable methods such as spin coating, successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR), hydrothermal synthesis, and other solution-based techniques. These methods are suitable for large-area and flexible solar devices. In addition, AgBiS₂ and AgBiSe₂ show better thermal and environmental stability compared to lead-based perovskite materials.