Physicochemical, Biological and Antibacterial Evaluation of Metal Oxide and Calcium Silicate Materials: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Metal oxide and calcium silicate materials are largely utilized in the field of medicine and dentistry.

Some of the metals that are stable, bio-compatible, and antibacterial include zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and magnesium oxide (MgO). These are utilized in bone skeleton, tooth drugs, and self-cleaning surfaces. Calcium silicate materials, tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate are bioactive materials are used in regenerating bone tissue, repairing tissue and in dental procedures.This review will integrate and comment on research available regarding physicochemical, biological, and antibacterial properties of these materials. Physicochemical properties including the structure, thermal stability, funniness, and surface area relevant to the physical behavior of materials. Unlike the case of biological tests, which focus on the cytotoxicity, proliferation and bioactivity of cells, antibacterial tests can demonstrate the activity of such materials in relation to destructive bacteria.It is also proved in the available literature that both, metal oxides, and calcium silicates have quite promising biological and antibacterial activities, the particularities of their mechanism may vary depending on the particles size, new synthesis methods, and chemical formulations. Despite this, missing links in the in vivo studies, long term, standard testing and multifunctional optimization, are not covered. Bioactivity and antibacterial efficacy have to be improved and considered in clinical terms in the future.

Keywords: Metal Oxides, Calcium Silicate, Physicochemical Properties, Biological Evaluation, Antibacterial Properties